Impact of Urban Runoff and Human Activities on Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Landzun River in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.
Abstract:
Surface groundwater pollution caused by urban runoff and human activities has become a significant concern, especially in developing nations where domestic and toilet waste are often deposited without proper treatment. The River Landzum, situated in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria, is a major river in the region. This study aimed to assess the impact of urban runoff and human activities on various physicochemical parameters of the River Landzum in Bida, Niger State.
Sampling was conducted at three different locations along the River Landzum, and laboratory analysis of physicochemical parameters was performed. The results revealed variations in water quality across different locations, primarily attributed to non-point sources such as domestic waste, agricultural runoff, effluents from local industries, and commercial activities. Consequently, the River Landzum was deemed unsafe for direct human consumption due to the presence of potentially harmful ions and acidity.
The laboratory analysis indicated a pH value of 7.0, which falls within the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS) and is considered ideal. However, the lowest pH value of 6.46 obtained at Dokodza indicated slightly acidic conditions, falling just below the NIS standard. This suggests the water at that point may have a slightly sour taste and could contain potentially harmful ions. Additionally, the study recorded a mean maximum temperature of 15.02±0.01°C, a minimum turbidity value of 3.2±0.01, total solids of 108.51±0.01mg/l, and a dissolved oxygen value of 3.92±0.01, which is below the NIS standard of 5.0 NTU.
Human activities such as urbanization, farming, water withdrawal, civic constructions, local industries, and improper waste disposal contribute to river pollution. Urban runoff accounted for 39.4% of the environmental impact, leading to property loss, 29.7% for displacement of people, 2.5% for loss of lives, and 28.2% for loss of both lives and properties. These impacts were more pronounced in specific areas such as Laruta, Bangaie, Wanigi, Dokodza, Bangbara, and Tuti-Jiba. Consuming contaminated water from the polluted river often resulted in waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea, as well as exposure to dangerous or toxic substances and disease-causing organisms.
Although the River Landzum serves various purposes, including irrigation, local industries, some domestic uses, spiritual practices, and animal consumption, it is essential for the government, NGOs, and all stakeholders to implement mitigating measures. These measures should aim to control human activities and treat water from any source before use to ensure the safety and well-being of the surrounding communities.
Impact of Urban Runoff and Human Activities on Selected Physico-Chemical Parameters of the Landzun River in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria.