ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF FEDERATION OF INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (FIFA) ORGANIZED COMPETITIONS ON THE ATTAINMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT AIMS IN NIGERIA
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to appraise the influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on the attainment of Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, a total of 285 respondents were used for the study. A stratified random sampling technique was used.In this technique; the six (6) geo-political zones in Nigeria were used. Experts in the field of Physical and Health Education vetted the questionnaire in order to determine its face and content validity. The final draft of the questionnaire was administered on the respondents. The data collected were statistically analyzed using Descriptive statistics of frequency, means and standard deviation to determine the average responses of the respondents, The Chi-square statistical technique was used to test the influence of the FIFA organized competitions, one sample t-test was used to determine whether the rated influence is considered statistically significant or not and One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used for differences among the perception of the respondents on the influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on the attainment of Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria. The findings indicate that FIFA organized competitions have no significant influence on the eradication of poverty and hunger in Nigeria, FIFA organized competitions have no significant influence on achieving the objectives of Universal Primary Education of the Millennium Development Goals. It was therefore concluded that the activities of FIFA organized competitions have not helped in the promotion of gender equality and women empowerment in Nigeria.Combating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria within the Millennium Development Goals have no significant impact of the various activities involved in FIFA organized competitions. The Federal Government could exploit FIFA organized competition for promoting peace among ethnic and religious groupings thereby promoting the games in Nigeria.It was recommended that there is a need to develop more infrastructural facilities for FIFA organized competitions in Nigeria as this would pave ways for hosting the games.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page i
Title Page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgements vi
Abstract vii
Table of Contents viii
List of Tables xiii
List of Figures xiv
List of Abbreviations xvi
Operational Definition of Terms xvii
CHAPTER ONE:INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 4
1.3 Purpose of the Study 5
1.4 Research Questions 6
1.5 Basic Assumptions 7
1.6 Hypothesis 8
1.6.1 Sub-hypotheses 8
1.7 Significance of the Study 9
1.8 Delimitation 10
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.0 Introduction 11
2.1 History and Development of FIFA 11
2.1.1 Post-War Expansion of FIFA 14
2.2 The History of FIFA since Inception 15
2.2.1 FIFAStructure 17
2.2.2 Recognitions and Awards 19
2.2.3 Governance and Game Development 19
2.2.4 Discipline of National Associations 19
2.2.5 FIFA Anthem 20
2.2.6 2011 FIFA Presidential Election 21
2.2.7 Response to Allegations 22
2.3 Vision and Mission of FIFA 23
2.3.1 Vision of FIFA 23
2.3.2 Mission of FIFA 24
2.3.2.1 Developing Football Everywhere and for All 24
2.3.2.2 Organizing Inspiring Tournaments of FIFA 24
2.3.2.3 Caring about Society and the Environment 25
2.4 Strategic Planning and Objectives 25
2.5 Types of FIFA Tournaments 28
2.5.1 Eight FIFA Men‘s Tournaments 28
2.5.2 FIFA Women‘s Tournaments 28
2.5.3 Common FIFA Tournaments (for both genders) 28
2.6 FIFA Organized Competition for Promoting Global Peace 30
2.7 FIFA Organized Competition in Promoting UBE in Nigeria 42
2.8 FIFA Organized Competition forPromoting Sport and Physical Education in
Achieving Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria 51
2.9 Theoretical Framework 61
- 10 History of Millennium Development Goals 62
2.10.1 Monterrey Consensus 62
2.10.2 MDGs at the World Summit 62
- Millennium Development Goals 64
-
The United Nations Eight (8) Millennium Development Goals 66
- Eradication of Poverty and Hunger 66
- Achieve the Universal Primary Education 66
- Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women 66
- Reduce Child Mortality 66
- Improve Material Health 66
- Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases 67
- Ensure Environmental Sustainability 67
-
Contribution of FIFA to the Millennium Development Goals 67
- Eradication of Poverty and Hunger 67
- Achieve the Universal Primary Education 67
- Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women 68
- Reduce Child Mortality 68
- Combat HIV and AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases 68
- Ensure Environmental Sustainability 69
- Develop a Global Partnership for Development 69
-
Chapter Summary 72
- History and Development of FIFA 72
- Types of FIFA Tournament 72
- Vision and Mission of FIFA 73
- Meaning of Millennium Development Goals 73
- FIFA and Millennium Development Goals 73
CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 Introduction 75
3.1 Research Design 75
3.2 Population 75
3.3 Sample and Sampling Technique 76
3.4 Instrumentation 77
3.5 Validation of the Instrument 78
3.6 Reliability of the Instrument 78
3.7 Procedure for Data Collection 79
3.8 Procedure for Data Analysis 79
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Descriptive Analysis of the Socio-demographic Characteristics 80
4.4 Test of Hypotheses 99
4.5 Summary of Findings 107
4.6 Discussion 108
CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary 113
5.1.1 Summary of Major Findings 114
5.2 Conclusions 115
5.3 Implication of the Study and Contribution to Knowledge 115
5.4 Limitations of the Study 115
5.5 Recommendations 116
5.6. Suggestions for Further Studies 117
References 118 Appendices 121
| LIST OF TABLE
|
|||
| Table 2.1: | List of Presidents of FIFA | 15 | |
| Table 2.2:
|
List of General Secretaries of FIFA | 15 | |
| Table 2.3:
|
Strategic Planning and Objectivesof FIFA | 27 | |
| Table 2.4: | List of Final Matches, their Venues and Locations, the Finalist and | ||
| Final Scores | 70 | ||
| Table 2.5: | Map of Winning Countries | 71 | |
| Table 2.6: | World Cup Previous Winners | 71 | |
| Table 3.1: | Sample Respondents for the Study | 76 | |
| Table 3.2: | Sample States from the Six (6) Geo Political Zone for the Study | 77 | |
| Table 4.1: | Demographic Characteristics of Respondents | 81 | |
| Table 4.2: | Mean Scores of Responses on the Influence ofFIFA Organized | ||
| Competitionson the Eradication of Poverty in Nigeria
|
84 | ||
| Table 4.3: | Mean Scores of Responses on the Influence ofFIFA Organized | ||
| Competitionson the Attainment of UPE in Nigeria
|
86 | ||
| Table 4.4: | Mean Scores of Responses on the Influence ofFIFA Organized Competitionson Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women | ||
| in Nigeria | 88 | ||
| Table 4.5: | Mean Scores of Responses on FIFA Organized Competitions | ||
| on Combating HIV/AIDS, and other Diseases in Nigeria | 90 | ||
| Table 4.6: | Mean Scores by groups of the Responses on the Influence ofFIFA
Organized Competitions on Reduction of Child Mortality Attainment |
||
| in Nigeria | 92 | ||
| Table 4.7: | Mean Scores of Responses on the Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on Improvement of Maternal Health Attainment in | ||
| Nigeria 94 | |||
| Table 4.8: | Mean Scores of Responses on FIFA Organized Competitions | ||
| on Environmental Sustainability in Nigeria | 96 | ||
| Table 4.9: | Mean Scores of Responses on FIFA Organized Competitions | ||
| on Global Partnership for Development in Nigeria | 98 | |
| Table 4.10: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on
Eradication of Poverty, Hunger, Achievement of Universal Primary Education, Gender Equality, and Reduction in Child Mortality, Improvement in Maternal Health, Combating HIV/AIDS in |
|
| Attainment of MDGs in Nigeria
|
100 | |
| Table 4.11: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on
Eradication of Poverty and Hunger in the Attainment of MDGs in Nigeria 101 |
|
| Table 4.12: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on | |
| Achievement of Universal Primary Education in MDGs in Nigeria | 102 | |
| Table 4.13: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on
Gender Equality and Empowerment of Women in the Attainment of |
|
| the MDGs in Nigeria
|
103 | |
| Table 4.14: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on | |
| Combating HIV/AIDS in the Attainment of MDGs in Nigeria | 103 | |
| Table 4.15: | One Way Analysis on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on | |
| theReduction of Child Mortality by the Groups
|
104 | |
| Table 4.16:
|
One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on
Improvement of Maternal Health in the Attainment of MDGs in Nigeria 105 |
|
| Table 4.17: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on Ensuring Environmental Sustainability in the Attainment of | |
|
|
the MDGsin Nigeria | 106 |
| Table 4.18: | One Sample t-test on Influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on Improvement of Maternal Health in the Attainment of MDGs in | |
| Nigeria | 107 |
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig. 12.1: A Diagrammatic Representation of Definition of Peace Using the
Dual Concept of Violence and Peace 35
Fig. 12.2: Diagram on Interacting Goals of Peace 36
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
| AFC: | Asian Football Confederation |
| AFDB: | African Development Bank |
| AIDs: | Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome |
| AVF: | Arewa Youth Movement |
| CAF: | Confederation of African Football |
CONCACAF: Confederation of North Central American and Caribbean Association Football
| FA: | Football Association |
| FAO: | Food Agriculture Organization |
| FIFA: | Federation of International Football Association |
| G8: | Group of 8 Countries Coming together |
| HIPC: | Heavily Indebted Poor Countries |
| HIV: | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| IFAB: | International Football Association Boards |
| IMF: | International Monetary Fund |
| IOC: | International Olympic Committee |
| ISO: | International Standardization Organization |
| LOC: | Local Organizing Committee |
| MASSOB: | Movement for the Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra |
| MDG: | Millennium Development Goals |
| NCE: | Nigeria Certificate Education |
| NDVF: | Niger Delta Volunteer Force |
| NECO: | National Examination Council |
| NFF: | Nigerian Football Federation |
| NGO: | Non-Governmental Organization |
| OFC: | Oceania Football Confederation |
| OPC: | Oodua People‘s Congress |
| UBE: | Universal Basic Education |
| UEFA: | Union of European Football Associations |
| UN: | United Nations |
| UNESCO: | United Nations Educational Scientific and Culture |
| WASSCE: | West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination |
OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS
MillenniumDevelopmentGoals:the eight international development goals established by the
United Nations following the millennium summit in 2000.
Nigeria Football Federation: the governing body of football in Nigeria.
State Football Association:the governing body of football in Nigerian states.
APPRAISAL: a judgment or opinion of something or somebody, especially one that assesses
effectiveness or usefulness. An evaluation, to establish the strength and weakness of the effectiveness of something.
COMPETITION: a process of trying to beat others: the process of trying to win or do better
than others.
It is also a contest or an activity in which people try to win something or do better than others.
It is an opposition in a competitive situation, or the level of opposition
ATTAINMENT: an accomplishment of something: the achievement of the goals that somebody
has set
Federation of International Football Association: the world governing body of football game.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
FIFA (Federation International de Football) has been the governing body of world Football since 1904. It has grown from a small European-based organization into a body with a membership of almost 200 nations. The growth and the place of FIFA within the world order of trans-national organizations and worldwide cultural politics have been brought under scrutiny by scholars (Owen, 2001). Drawing from previous facts and observations of the politics of FIFA and its related football confederations, and the unique structure and personalities that run the world‘s most popular game, the aims and importance of organized competitions as expressed by most national Federations and multinational organizations are a matter of concern. Fredline and Fawkner (2002). For instance, state that in many respects, until the Second World War, there was considerable ambiguity over precisely who rules the World of Football. When FIFA came into being in 1904, its seven (7) founding members were France, Sweden, Belgium, Denmark, Switzerland, Spain and the Netherlands.
The first official match between representatives of two nations was between England and Scotland in 1872 at Hamilton Crescent, Glasgow, finishing in a 0–0 draw. The following year at The Oval, England enjoyed a 4–2 victory over the travelling Scots. This was followed by the creation of the world’s second national football association, the Scottish FootballAssociation in 1873. Previously, the Football Association of England had been the world‘s only governing body, though codified football was being played only in the United Kingdom. With the number of inter-national matches increasing as football spread, the need for a global governing body emerged. Initially, it was intended to reflect the formative role of the Britain in football’s history, but the football associations of the Home Nations unanimously rejected such a body. Thus the nations of continental Europe decided to do it alone and ‘FIFA’ was born in Paris, uniting the Football governing bodies of France, Belgium, Denmark, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, and Switzerland.
The initial status of FIFA states that:
- only the represented National Associations would be recognized,
- clubs and players could only play for two National Associations at a time,
- all Associations would recognize the suspension of a player in any Association,
- matches were to be played according to the “Laws of the Game of the Football
Association Ltd”,
- each National Association was to pay an annual fee of 50 French Francs, and
- only FIFA could organize International Matches (IFAB, 1882).
These statutes came into effect on 1 September, by which time Germany had also joined by Telegram. The first FIFA Congress was held on 23 May 1904 – Robert Guérin was elected President, Victor E. Schneider of Switzerland and Carl Anton Wilhelm Hirschmann of the Netherlands were elected Vice Presidents, and Louis Muhlinghaus of Belgium was appointed Secretary and Treasurer with the help of Ludvig Sylow of Denmark. Early attempts at the organization of a tournament began, but without the English speaking countries. England, however, joined on 14 April 1905, thanks to great efforts by Baron
Edouard de Laveleye who was made the first honorary member of FIFA. In 1906, Daniel
Burley Woolfall took over as president, making strides to unify the globe’s laws. (FIFA,) (Antonakis, 2006)
FIFA continued to expand in federations and influence, being able to monopolize
international matches. However, its organizational skills were still not refined, and it was theFootball Associations which organized the football tournaments at the 1908 and 1912 Olympic Games, both won by Great Britain. In 1909 South Africa (the first non-European member) joined, and Argentina and Chile followed in 1912. The USA and Canada entered just before World War I in 1913.
The sole aim of FIFA organized sports competitions has metamorphosed into FIFA developmental project whose direction as a globally powerful organization sprang up during the period of Dr. Joao Havelange from 1974 to 1998. This development saw FIFA organized competitions throughout the world as a social transformer and its economic impact made it a phenomenal force (Farah, 1996). According to Blatter (1996) who states that about 200 million persons were actively involved in football and with an estimated 1.2 billion people directly or indirectly present, an annual turnover of 200 billion dollars far higher than some cooperate organizations such as Mitsubishi or General Motors, (Blatter,1996). It is however important to compare the economic situation of FIFA with that of the institutions. For instance, the goal of Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is to combat world hunger and provide advice to government on food production, while United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) has the broad aim of forging global educational and cultural links for the purpose of advancing the objectives of international Peace and the common welfare of mankind. From the above mentioned aims, there seems to be some striking similarities between some of these United Nations (UN) and FIFA organized competitions.
However, these developments and similarities among institutions and organs of government made the United Nations, on September 2000 at the millennium summit to establish the Millennium Development Goals (MDGS). The aim of the establishment of the MDGS was to, eradicate or reduce poverty, hunger, child mortality and disease and to promote education, maternal health, gender equality, environmental sustainability and global partnership. The target date for achieving the MDGs was 2015.
Therefore, having known the interdependence of various institutions and organizations and a brief development in football and the similarities in the goal and political agenda of these institutions, It is not very clear whether FIFA organized competitions had any influence in the attainment of Millennium Development Goals. This study appraises the influence of FIFA
Organized competitions in the Attainment of the millennium Development Goals and if United Nations achieved its Millennium Development Goals in Africa and in Nigeria in particular through FIFA organized competitions as a strategic means.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Countries and cities spend so much money to participate, host and organize FIFA competitions (Antonakis, 2006).The pride, glory and the opportunity to showcase to the world the host countries culture and cities, there are the perceptions and belief that such events create an economic windfall (Matheson & Baade, 2004), This may be the case for developed nations, the prize for hosting FIFA organized competitions in developing nations is far from being sustainable (Rojek & Dunning 1992; Anotonakis, 2006; Levermore & Baacom, 2008). They futher opine that host countries have to shoulder the constructions of modern stadia, hotels, built roads networks and other forms of infrastructure necessary to host global competition. These facilities are not maintained after the sports competitions (Venkateswarlu, 2006). According to Matheson and Baade (2004), the constructions of these state of the art stadia are not sustainable, as ticket revenues alone are not able to make up for the cost of yearly maintenance during or after competition. Some of the problems encountered during the implementation of the program include lack of political will from the government, mismanagement of funds, low women participation in the program, lack of transferable skills from the coaches, participants and volunteers and inability to bring about the much desired peace as entrenched in the development goals.( Venkateswarlu, 2006, Matheson and Baade, 2004).
It is not very clear whether such benefit exists in Africa and Nigeria in particular. Although much has been reported about the challenges faced by developing countries in organizing football competition, the case of South Africa and the world cup in 2010 was faced with so many bribery and corruption allegations coming up after the 2010 world cup (Levermore and Beacom, Ogi, 2002; Searle, 2008; Venkateswarlu; 2008). Preuss (2008) listed a number of objectives South Africa had in mind; putting the country on the map, showcasing the region, promoting the political system, creating new trading partners, attracting investment, urban renewal including housing and infrastructure and building a legacy of sport infrastructure. Building a legacy was successful since South Africa won the hosting right of Africa Cup of Nations in 2013.
In view of the fact that FIFA aligned with the achievement of the eight Millennium Development Goals by the year 2015, the researcher was motivated to appraise the Influence of FIFA organized sports competitions on the attainment of Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria.
1.3 Purpose of the Study
Based on the important role football plays in the society and the involvement of FIFA on achieving the Millennium Development Goal; this study was conducted to;
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on the eradication of poverty in Nigeria,
- appraise the level of involvement of FIFA organized competitions in meeting the Millennium Development Goals in Nigeria in areas of universal primary education,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on promoting gender equality and women empowerment,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on combating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on reduction of child mortality rate among children less than five years of age in Nigeria,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on promoting maternal health in Nigeria,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on ensuring environmental sustainability in Nigeria,
- appraise the influence of FIFA organized competitions on the development of global partnership in Nigeria, and
- appraise the influence on the strengths and the weaknesses in the implementation of the MDGs programmes in Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
On the basis of the statement of the problem, the following research questions have been formulated:
- Had FIFA‘S organized competitions any significant influence on the eradication of poverty in Nigeria
- Had FIFA‘S organized competitions any significant influence on the achievement of
Universal Primary Education and attainment of MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘S organized competitions significantly influence gender equality and empowerment of women in achieving MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘S organized competitions any significant influence in combating
HIV/AIDS, and other diseases on MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘s organized competitions any significant influence between NFF staff, State FA‘s and MDGs staff in their perceptions of the influence of FIFA organized competitions on reduction of child mortality and attainment of MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘s organized competitions any influence on the improvement of maternal health and attainment of MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘s organized competitions any significant influence on environmental sustainability and attainment of MDGs in Nigeria?
- Had FIFA‘s organized competitions any significant influence on global partnership for development and attainment of MDGs in Nigeria?
1.5 Basic Assumptions
On the basis of the research questions, the following basic assumptions are made.
- FIFA programmes help to reduce stigma and increase social and economic integration of people living with HIV and AIDS.
- FIFA-based social mobilization initiatives enhance participation in community action to improve local environment.
- FIFA organized competitions help improve female physical and mental health and offer them opportunities for social interaction and friendship.
- School sport programmes help improve children academic achievement
(UBE).
- FIFA organized programmes for development and peace efforts catalyze global partnership and increase networking among governments, donors,
NGOs and sport organizations worldwide.
- FIFA organized competitions had no economic benefits to Nigeria.
- FIFA organized competitions contributed to the increase in the enrollment of young people in universal primary education.
- Through FIFA organized competitions, non-governmental organizations helped in providing high-impact health and nutrition interventions.
1.6 Hypothesis
On the basis of the research questions and basic assumptions, the following hypotheses were formulated:
Major hypothesis
There is no significant influence of FIFA Organized Competitions on the Eradication of poverty, hunger, achievement of universal primary education, gender equality, and reduction in child mortality, improvement in maternal health and combating
HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.
1.6.1 Sub-hypotheses
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on
eradication of poverty in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on the achievement of universal primary education in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on gender equality and empowerment of women in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on combating HIV/AIDS in Nigeria.
- There are no significant influence between NFF staff; State FA‘s and MDG‘s staff on their perceptions of the influence of FIFA organized competitions on the reduction of child mortality in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on the improvement of maternal health in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on ensuring environmental sustainability in Nigeria.
- There is no significant influence of FIFA organized competitions on global partnership for development in Nigeria.
1.7 Significance of the Study
This study is justified on the following basis:
- The participants in FIFA organized sport competition could increase their employability, thereby eradicating poverty and hunger.
- Sport-based community education programmes provide alternative for children who cannot attend school.
- FIFA organized competitions could be used to educate and deliver health information to young mothers, thereby improving their maternal health.
- FIFA organized competitions could assist lower the likelihood of infant mortality by promoting greater acceptance of children with disabilities.
- Programmes providing HIV/AIDS and other diseases prevention education and empowerment could combat and reduce the infection rates.
- FIFA-based social mobilization initiatives could enhance participation in community action to improve the local environment.
- FIFA organized programmes for development and peace efforts could be used as catalyst for global partnership and increase networking among governments, donors, NGOs and sport organizations worldwide.
- This study may help in other areas of research on FIFA organized competitions and other disciplines on sports development in Nigeria.
- The study would help to reveal the lapses in the implementation of MDGs, so as to enhance implementation of the SDGs.
1.8 Delimitation
This research study was delimited to:
- FIFA organized competitions and the millennium development goals in Nigeria as stated by United Nations {UN.}
- It was delimited to the staff members of Nigeria Football Federation.
- It also covered staff members of State Sports Councils in the Thirty – Six (36) states and Federal Capital Territory.
- It was also delimited to the staff members of the Millennium Development Offices in the thirty-six states and Federal Capital Territory in Nigeria.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF FEDERATION OF INTERNATIONAL FOOTBALL ASSOCIATION (FIFA) ORGANIZED COMPETITIONS ON THE ATTAINMENT OF THE MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT AIMS IN NIGERIA