HOLDING CHARGE SYNDROME; A CHALLENGE IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE IN NIGERIA
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ABSTRACT
The criminal justice system revolves around three cardinal institutions: the police, court and prison. These institutions are partners in our failing criminal justice system, due to some practices that are inimical to the interest of society. Thus, the incalculable harm being wrecked on the Nigerian criminal justice system by the holding charge practice cannot be justified. Holding charge which involves the bringing of a suspect before an inferior Court that lacks jurisdiction to try him or her for the primary purpose of securing a remand order, in order to look for a prima facie evidence in support of the allegation against the suspect and thereafter abandon him or her in prison under the pretext of awaiting trial, leaves one to wonder whether the presumption of innocence is tenable in Nigeria. Holding Charge Syndrome
This is because under this practice, an accused is presumed guilty until he or she proves his innocence. Also, the crisis of congestion in our prison is the result of the holding charge practice. It is trite, that jurisdiction is the life-wire of any litigation whether civil or criminal and the base on which adjudication rest. It follows that there is obviously an anomaly in bringing a suspect for remand before a magistrate who has no power to impose penalty for the indictable offence allegedly committed by the suspect. Therefore, the practice by magistrate courts who lacked Jurisdiction in indictable offence, but goes on to remand the suspect under holding charge have been considered unconstitutional, because it is a threat to the accused person’s rights to personal liberty, dignity, and fair hearing granted by the 1999 constitution (as amended). However, some states laws have given the magistrate court the impetus to continue with this harmful practice without regard to the provisions of the grundnorm. Consequently, this research work, in chapter one will take a look at the historical inception of holding charge; chapter two will focus on the meaning of the monster called holding charge, the reason for its adoption and the illegality. Chapter three will discuss on the rights of accused persons and how holding charge have thwarted its realization. Chapter four will examine the effect of holding charge in the criminal justice administration in Nigeria. The last chapter contains observation and recommendation, mainly on abrogation of all the laws that gave magistrate courts powers to remand suspects on indictable offences even when they have no jurisdiction. Holding Charge Syndrome
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Approval page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Abstract viii
Table of content xi
Accounting system
CHAPTER ONE
- Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the study 4
1.2 Statement of the study 6
1.3 Objective of the study 7
1.4 Research questions 8
1.5 Significance of the study 9
1.6 Scope of the study 10
1.7 Historical Background of the case study 10
CHAPTER TWO
- Literature review 13
2.1 History of computers 13
2.1.1 Generations of computer 15
2.1.2 First Generation of computer 15
2.1.3. Second Generation of Computer 17
2.1.4 Third Generation of computer 18
2.1.5 Fourth Generation of Computer 18
2.1.6 Fifth Generation of Computer 19
2.2 Types computers 20
2.2.1 Types of computer based on function 20
2..2.2 Types of computer Based on structure 22
2.2.3 Types of computer based on usage 23
2.3 The computer hardware system 24
2.3.1 The Generation processing Unit (C.P.U) 25
2.3.2 The peripherals 26
2.4 The computer software system 28
2.5 Method of procession data as i
2.5.1 Input 36
2.5.2 Processor 36
2.5.3 Storage 36
2.5.4 Output 36
2.6 Method input 37
2.7 Techniques of processing 41
2.7.1 Batch processing 41
2.7.2 On line processing 41
2.7.3 Real time processing techniques 42
2.7.4 Looping or cycling processing techniques 42
2.7.5 Interactive processing techniques 43
2.7.6 Data base control system 43
2.8 Data processing department and control 44
2.8.1 Internal Data processing control 44
2.8.2 External Data processing control 45
2.9 Computer based Accounting system 45
2.9.1 The need for computerized accounting system 46
2.9.2 Advantages of computer based
Accounting system 47
- Disadvantages of computer based accounting system 49
CHAPTER THREE
- Introduction 51
- Research design 51
- Area of study 51
- Population of the study 52
- Sample 52
- Instruments for data collection 53
- Validation of the instruments 53
- Reliability of the instruments 54
- Methods of data collection 54
- Method of data analysis 54
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Data presentation and analysis 57
4.1 Data presentation 57
4.2 Data Analysis
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